Welcome to the 8th lesson about Yiddish grammar. We will first learn about prepositions, negation, questions, adverbs, and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.
We will start with prepositions. In general, they are used to link words to other words. For example: I speak Yiddish and English the preposition is [and] because it connects both words Yiddish and English. The following is a list of the most used prepositions in Yiddish.
Prepositions - Yiddish |
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and אוּן |
above איבער |
under ונטער |
before פריער |
after נאָך |
in front of פאר |
behind הינטער |
far from ווייַט פון |
near נעבּן |
in אין |
inside אַריין |
outside אַרויס |
with מיט |
without אָן |
about וועגן |
between צווישן |
but אָבער |
for פֿאַר |
from פון |
to צו |
The following examples use prepositions in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.
Prepositions + Rules - Yiddish |
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I eat without a knife [preposition + noun] איך עס אָן אַ מעסער |
she lives near the church [verb + preposition] זי לעבט נעבן דער קירך |
he is taller than her [adjective + preposition] ער איז העכער ווי איר |
he came with his small dog [preposition + pronoun] ער איז געקומען מיט זיין קליינער הונט |
can you come with me? [preposition + pronoun] קענט איר קומען מיט מיר? |
Now let's learn how to make a negative sentence (negation). For example: Saying no, I can't, I don't ... The following examples use negation in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.
Negation + Rules - Yiddish |
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I understand you [affirmative form] איך פאַרשטיי אייך |
I don't understand you [negation + verb] איך פאַרשטיי אייך ניט. |
this is not the correct word [negation + adjective] דאָס איז ניט דאָס ריכטיקע וואָרט |
don't leave me [imperative negation] טאָן ניט לאָזן מיר |
no problem [negation + noun] קיין פּראָבלעם |
Negative Sentences - Yiddish |
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I don't speak French [negation + present tense] איך רעד ניט פראנצויזיש |
she didn't visit Germany [negation + past tense] זי האָט ניט באַזוכט דײַטשלאַנד |
he cannot see us [negative modal verb] ער קען אונדז ניט זען |
can't she play chess? [interrogative negation] קען זי ניט שפּילן שאַךך? |
we will not come late [negation + future tense] מיר וועלן ניט קומען שפּעט |
Now let's learn how to ask questions (interrogative). Such as: what, why, can you ...? Here are some common examples:
English - Yiddish |
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how? ווי? |
what? וואָס? |
who? ווער? |
why? פאַרוואָס? |
where? ווו? |
More of the interrogative form, now in a sentence:
Questions + Rules - Yiddish |
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where do you live? [interrogative + verb] ווו וווינסטו? |
does she speak Chinese? [interrogative verb] רעד זי כינעזיש? |
how much is this? [interrogative preposition] ווי פיל איז דאָס? |
can I help you? [interrogative modal verb] קען איך אײַך העלפן? |
what is your name? [interrogative preposition] וואָס איז אייער נאָמען? |
It's time to learn the adverbs in Yiddish. But what is an adverb? In general, adverbs modify verbs and adjectives. For example: You speak fast. The adverb is [fast] because it describes the verb and answers the question how do you speak?. Here is a list of the most common ones:
Adverbs - Yiddish |
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now איצט |
yesterday נעכטן |
today הייַנט |
tonight הייַנט בייַ נאַכט |
tomorrow מאָרגן |
soon באַלד |
quickly געשווינד |
slowly לאַנגזאם |
together צוזאַמען |
very זייער |
almost כמעט |
always שטענדיק |
usually געווענליך |
sometimes אַ מאָל |
rarely זעלטן |
never קיינ מאָל ניט |
The following examples use the adverbs in different ways and places to demonstrate how it behaves in a sentence.
Adverbs + Rules - Yiddish |
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do you understand me now? [pronoun + adverb] פאַרשטייט איר מיך איצט? |
I need help immediately [noun + adverb] איך דאַרף גלײַך הילף |
she is very intelligent [adverb + adjective] זי איז זייער ינטעליגענט |
I will always love you [verb + adverb] איך וועל שטענדיק ליבען דיך |
can we learn German together? [adverb in a question] קענענ מיר צוזאַמענ לערנען דײַטש? |
We're almost done! This time we will learn the pronouns in Yiddish. In general, a pronoun can be used instead of a noun. For example instead of saying my teacher speaks 3 languages, you can use the pronoun he, and say he speaks 3 languages. Here is a list of the most common ones:
Personal Pronouns - Yiddish |
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I איך |
you דו |
he ער |
she זי |
we מיר |
they זיי |
Object Pronouns - Yiddish |
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me מיר |
you דו |
him אים |
her איר |
us אונדז |
them זיי |
Possessive Pronouns - Yiddish |
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my מייַן |
your דיין |
his זייַן |
her איר |
our אונדזער |
their זייער |
I think it's better to put the above example in a sentence to better assist you. The following examples use pronouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. We will start with the personal pronouns.
Personal Pronouns - Yiddish |
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I am your friend [1st pronoun + verb] איך בין דיין פרייַנד |
you speak very fast [2nd pronoun + adverb] איר רעדט זייער שנעל |
he has three dogs [3rd pronoun + verb] ער האט דרייַ הינט |
she can speak German [3rd pronoun + verb] זי קען רעדן דײַטש |
we will not come late [1st plural pronoun] מיר וועלן ניט קומען שפּעט |
they bought milk and bread [3rd plural pronoun] זיי האָבן געקויפט מילך און ברויד |
The object pronoun is used as a target by a verb, and usually come after that verb. For example: I gave him my book. The object pronoun here is him. Here are more examples:
Object Pronouns - Yiddish |
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can you tell me your name? [1st object pronoun] קענסט דו מיר זאָגן דיין נאָמען? |
I will give you money [2nd object pronoun] איך וועל געבן איר געלט |
she wrote him a letter [3rd object pronoun] זי האָט אים געשריבן אַ בריוו |
they visited her yesterday [3rd object pronoun] זיי האבען באזוכט איר נעכטען |
can she help us? [1st pl. object pronoun] קען זי אונדז העלפן ? |
he gave them food [3rd pl. object pronoun] ער האָט זיי געגעבן עסן. |
Possessive Pronouns - Yiddish |
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my name is Maya [1st possessive pronoun] מיין נאָמען איז מייַאַ |
your brother lives here [2nd possessive pronoun] אייער ברודער וווינט דאָ. |
her mother cooks for us [3rd possessive pronoun] איר מוטער קאָכט פאַר אונדז. |
his hobby is reading books [3rd possessive pronoun] זיין פערדל איז לייענען ביכער |
our dream is to visit Paris [1st pl. possessive pronoun] אונדזער חלום איז צו באַזוכן פּאַריז |
their house is not far [3rd pl. possessive pronoun] זייער הויז איז ניט ווייַט |
One more thing you need to know is the demonstrative pronouns. They're very easy to learn.
Demonstrative Pronouns - Yiddish |
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this is my house דאָס איז מיין הויס |
that restaurant is far דער רעסטאָראַן איז ווײַט |
these apples are delicious די עפּל זענען געשמאַק |
those stars are shiny די שטערן זענען בלאַנק |
I hope you learned a lot about the Yiddish grammar in this lesson. Please check out our main menu here for more lessons: homepage. The next lesson is below, have fun!
Inspirational Quote: First say to yourself what you would be; and then do what you have to do. Epictetus |